Corruption Perception Index - 5242 Words

QUESTION The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is a comparative assessment of a country’s integrity performance along with related academic research on corruption. Provide a description of this index and its ranking. Identify the five countries with the lowest and five with highest CPI scores according to this index. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Ethics is accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession and the actions of an organization. There are five ethical issues which are employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption and the moral obligation of multinational companies. Corruption means misusing public office for personal gain for example, by accepting bribes or†¦show more content†¦Therefore, these two agencies will have effective anti-corruption measures and the sound legal framework continue to ensure government integrity. Lastly in terms of economic development. New Zealand’s strong commitment to economic freedom has resulted in a policy framework that encourages impressive economic resilience. Have high GDP per capita, low inequality rates and priorities human right issues (e.g. gender equality, freedom of information). Government enclosed all the information to avoid corruption. 2.2 Denmark In the 2011 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Denmark is the second top with a score of 9.4 after the New Zealand. Denmark have been consistently ranked at the top of the CPI and are perceived to be the least corrupt of all the countries surveyed (http://www.guardian.co.uk). Denmark is the country that was contribute less corruption due to some factors. Firstly is through the culture. Their people were well known as hardworking and able to articulate their opinion. It means these citizens were able to put thoughts and feelings into clear speech. They are too brave to speak. If there is any wrongdoings occured among themselves, they were advise and together in avoiding that fault. They are also practising openness. Openness is an incredible force to change society and to make sure the population can influenceShow MoreRelatedCorruption Perception Index World Wide Ranking Map1561 Words   |  7 Pages Corruption Perception Index world wide ranking map Figure 1 : CPI, Corruption Perception Index Figure 2 : Countries 1 to 95 Rank Figure 3 : Countries 95 to 182 Rank As shown in the Corruption perception Index ranking China ranks at 75 vs Mexico 100 Mexico Employment Mexican work law perceives and ensures the fundamental unalienable privileges of Employees, controls manager worker relations, and sets up the working conditions for workers. The Federal Labor Law (FLL) characterizes aRead MoreHow Corruption Affects The Public And Private Sectors Of Our World1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon with numerous causes and effects in the public and private sectors of our world. This dark trend has no boundaries, it is found in every country ranging from the economic leaders down to the least developed nations. The official definition given for corruption by Transparency International is â€Å"the abuse of entrusted power for private gain† (TI). The problem of corruption has been seen either as a structural problem of politics and economicsRead MoreCorruption and Economic Growth Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesCorruption and Economic Growth This brief overview analyzes corruption and its relationship to economic growth. The brief continues to consider the idea of economist Amartya Sen that development means more than economic growth. Additionally, provided, a quick risk analysis of two countries where corruption is common everyday practice. Corruption and Economic Growth Relationship What is the relationship between corruption in a country and economic growth? Answer this question. Research indicatesRead MoreCorruption Is The Biggest Among The Challenges Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Corruption is the biggest among the challenges in Nigeria. It is clear to every citizen of Nigeria that the level of corruption in the country is high. Corruption, an ethical and moral problem which varies from place to place, time to time, culture to culture and with the level of economic development; is a global phenomenon that affects developed, developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. It is a major societal problem in the 21st century (Aluko, 2008). 1.1 What is Corruption? CorruptionRead MorePolitical, Legal And Regulatory Environment Of China1194 Words   |  5 Pagesfor business in China. Although China has created this amendment to their law, the enforcement of this law has yet to be seen and creates a high risk factor for companies looking to enter the Chinese market. Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index ranks China as the 100th most corrupt country out of 175 countries (Transparency International). World Bank Group ranks China as 90th out of 189 economies when it comes to the ease of doing business (World Bank Group). Both of these ranksRead MoreThe Current Situation Of Bangladesh1095 Words   |  5 Pageswidespread corruption, chaos, and political aggression. The caretaker government worked to fight and demolish corruption from all levels of government. It arrested more than 160 people on charges of corruption including politicians, civil servants and businessman. It is worth mentioning that during these years the ca retaker government ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It also undertook institutional reforms such as reconstitution of the Anti-Corruption CommissionRead MoreEssay Pest for Russia1491 Words   |  6 Pagesof corruption in Russia and how it affects the retail industry seeking expansion. According to the corruption perception index 2010, Russia ranks at the 154th spot out of 178 countries and is tied with 9 other countries such as Cambodia and Kenya (Transparency International, 2010). Moreover, the Interior Ministry in Russia also reported that the average bribe paid in 2010 was $1450 and approximately $300 billion of bribes is received every year (Havocscope, 2010). This widespread corruption is startingRead MoreCorruption Of Government Of New Zealand1405 Words   |  6 PagesMy topic is about Corruption related to government sectors in New Zealand. I decided to search about this topic because I found the presentation about police in the class was interesting. The topic about corruption is interesting because the money is often from our tax and it is whether the government uses it in an appropriate and responsible way. In general, Corruption occurs when someone make use of governments’ power or money for their own interest. My topic relates to government sectors, taxationRead MoreThe Economic Development Of The Soviet Union1013 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of its independence, Kazakhstan has gone through a variety of challenges in its way to the creation of efficient tax system, such as high corruption rates, lack of qualified personnel and tax evasion. According to the Transparency International (2015), Kazakhstan is ranked 123rd among 165 countries covered by the report with the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of 28 which qualifies as extremely high. In addition, according the study conducted by the Association of Taxpayers of Kazakhstan (2013)Read MoreEssay about The Level of Corruption Across Countries794 Words   |  4 PagesInternational which is the leading global civil society organization that fight against corruption, Japan has a score of 74 out of 100 on the corruption perceptio ns index (CPI) and ranked 18 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). On the other hand, Ukraine has a score of 25 out of 100 and ranked 144 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). The outcome of the CPI is drawn on data which is related to corruption collected by various independent and reliable institutions (Transparency 2014). The percentage

Human Trafficking And Its Effects On Society - 2231 Words

Human Trafficking When the word slavery is heard, what usually comes to mind? For me, something of the past that usually involves the deportation by means of force of Africans into a colonizing America. The word usually makes me reflect on all of my history classes that I’ve been in throughout the years learning about how tragic it was, and how we, over the course of many years, abolished it. If you asked me a couple weeks ago what I knew about modern slavery, I would tell you that it’s a small problem that only affects a few countries like Somalia, India, and China. However, after reading a couple articles, and watching â€Å"Half The Sky: Turning Oppression Into Opportunity For Women†, I learned that it is a much bigger problem than most people know about. Modern Slavery, also called human trafficking, affects millions of people all around the world, and is most known for sex trafficking, and labor trafficking. There are many trafficking statistics that vary from 20.9 million to 40 million leaving its readers often confused on what to believe. Organizations often find these statistics hard to estimate because human trafficking is such a lucrative business, leaving a wide variety of numbers out there for readers to use for what they want. That usually leads to a misrepresentation of human trafficking and leaves people misinformed. However with the information I’ve been given, it’s said that 20.9 million people fall victim to trafficking, 1.7 million people in North AmericaShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1273 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost identical. Human trafficking, or â€Å"the modern slavery,† is defined as the â€Å"organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited (as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor)† by Merriam Webster Dictionary (np). At any given time this affects 2.4 million people, 80% of whom are sexually exploi ted. This paper will highlight the tragic past of human trafficking for sexual exploitation and its current effect on society. To begin withRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society2954 Words   |  12 PagesNothing drives our emotions or influences our understanding of horrific stories-than those of the modern-day trafficking. Human trafficking is a very problematic issue in our society today and more victims are being taken advantage of whether it’s through slavery, sexual exploitation, organ trade, or even forced labour. In most cases, the victims of trafficking is often known to be transferred from one country to another and forced to work for a benefit of the crime. In other words, it’s very commonRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society2095 Words   |  9 Pagesof women have disappeared due to sexual labor and trafficking in Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia. There are people around the world suffering from psychological damage, PTSD, anxiety, flashbacks, fear, insomnia, depression, sleep disorders, panic attacks, self-blame, and suicidal thoughts. Men and women are locked in factories at night to prevent escape. Traffickers use their patterns of travel to move terrorists. The profits made from human trafficking are part of the funding power for conflict and corruptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1206 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are something that everyone receives as soon as they are born in the world. These rights are given to everyone just for simply living on the earth no matter their race, sex, religion, or ethnicity. When someone tries to take one of those rights away it is called a human rights violation. A right that is interesting is the Right to Freedom. Something that violates the Right to Freedom is human trafficking, which also violates the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery in 1865, with theRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1156 Words   |  5 Pageslabor or sex. In today society pimp is glorified as a lady’s man. In reality pimp are not lady’s men, pimps are cri minal. The relationship between pimps and prostitutess is not what the society, imagining it more brute than what people perceive. Many people think that pimps are harmless because of the movies and the songs. Society needs to look deeper than the surface when it comes to pimps and prostitutes, that the relationship is master and slave as in human trafficking. The pimp is a person thatRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking is organized crime where human beings are controlled and exploited (Merriam-Webster).   Despite slavery being illegal in the United States and countless countries around the world, human trafficking known as the modern slavery still exists both domestically and internationally.   There are multiple forms of human trafficking such as forced labor, sex trafficking, child exploitation, organ and tissue trafficking, and people smuggling (INTERPOL).   Specifically looking at sex traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pages Human Trafficking Imagine an individual having a pet that they raised and loved for, then one day that pet got taken away from them by another individual. The one who stole the animal then claims it as their own and forces the pet to breed with another and then keeps it locked in a cage until they find a new use for it. They barely provide it with the efficient amount of attention and feed it only enough to not starve it out. Picturing this is disgusting and hard to imagine to happen to suchRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Trafficking is one of the many horrors that occur across the world that is not spoken about enough in society. Human trafficking can include organ trafficking, prostitution, child pornography, forced labor, debt bondage, child labor and child soldiers. In all cases of human trafficking, human beings are controlled and exposed for profit the most common type of profit being money. People who are victims of human trafficking can be found working in a myriad of places such as massage parlorsRead MoreHuman Trafficking, the Modern Slavery1034 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Perspectives Essay #2 Human Trafficking Causes and Effects Human Trafficking, The Modern Slavery Introduction Human trafficking is a big problem all around the world. Every year, thousands of men, women and children are kidnapped by traffickers, and forced into sexual exploitation and slavery. In this essay, I will talk about the causes of human trafficking and what effects it has on the victims, families, and society. Causes The cause of human trafficking is mainly the organizedRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Grave Crime And A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1555 Words   |  7 PagesHumana Trafficking Introduction Human trafficking refers to the practice of recruiting, transferring, transporting, receiving, or harboring people through the use of force, threat, or other forms of abduction, coercion, deception, fraud, as well as abuse of power or vulnerability position (Segrave 2). Human trafficking is a grave crime and a serious violation of human rights as it involves a broad range of human exploitations, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, slavery practices, as well

Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine Essay Example For Students

Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine Essay Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinicalchemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologicconditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individualtests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems canbe analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about thefunction of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper coversthe some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Likemost of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. Inthe course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination, the removal of theamino group. Deamination, which takes place principally in the liver, resultsin the formation of ammonia. In the liver, the ammonia is quickly converted tourea, which is relatively nontoxic, and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readily removed through the kidneys and excreted in theurine. Any disease or condition that reduces glomerular filtration or increasesprotein catabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is awaste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulusand blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscletissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by anonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a ratherconsistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into threemajor categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes includeheart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethralobstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renaldisease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN andcreatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff,1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucoselevel in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits.Inadequate orexcessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucose can affectnearly every system in the body. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may becaused by pancreatic tumors (over-production of insulin), starvation,hypoadrenocorticism, hypopituitarism, and severe exertion. Elevated bloodglucose levels (hyperglycemia) can occur in diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism,hyperadrenocorticism, hyperpituitarism, anoxia (because of the instability ofliver glycogen in oxygen deficiency), certain physiologic conditions (exposureto cold, digestion) and pancreatic necrosis (because the pancreas producesinsulin which controls blood glucose levels). Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action ofinsulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdownof liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver andstimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-richmeal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretionand decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscletissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin alsoactivates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is convertedto glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger,1993). With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues andaccumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into the urine. Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of the accumulation ofglucose and polyuria (excessive urination) results. In order to preventdehydration, more water than normal is consumed (polydipsia). In the absence ofinsulin, fatty acids released form adipose tissue are converted to ketone bodies(acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone). Although ketone bodiescan be used a energy sources, insulin deficiency impairs the ability of tissuesto use ketone bodies, which accumulate in the blood. Because they are acids,ketones may exhaust the ability of the body to maintain normal pH. Ketones areexcreted by the kidneys, drawing water with them into the urine. Ketones arealso negatively charged and draw positively charged ions (sodium, potassium,calcium) with them into urine. Some other results of diabetes mellitus arecataracts (because of abnormal glucose metabolism in the lens which results inthe accumulation of water), abnormal neutrophil function (resulting in gr eatersusceptibility to infection), and an enlarged liver (due to fat accumulation)(Fraser, 1991). Bilirubin is a bile pigment derived from the breakdown of heme by thereticuloendothelial system. The reticuloendothelial system filters out anddestroys spent red blood cells yielding a free iron molecule and ultimately,bilirubin. Bilirubin binds to serum albumin, which restricts it from urinaryexcretion, and is transported to the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is changedinto bilirubin diglucuronide, which is sufficiently water soluble to be secretedwith other components of bile into the small intestine. Impaired liver functionor blocked bile secretion causes bilirubin to leak into the blood, resulting ina yellowing of the skin and eyeballs (jaundice). Determination of bilirubinconcentration in the blood is useful in diagnosing liver disease (Lehninger,1993). Increased bilirubin can also be caused by hemolysis, bile ductobstruction, fever, and starvation (Bistner, 1995). Two important serum lipids are cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is a precursor to bile salts and steroid hormones. The principlebile salts, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid, are important in thedigestion of food and the solubilization of ingested fats. The desmolasereaction converts cholesterol, in mitochondria, to pregnenolone which istransported to the endoplasmic reticulum and converted to progesterone. This isthe precursor to all other steroid hormones (Garrett, 1995). Triglycerides are the main form in which lipids are stored and are thepredominant type of dietary lipid. They are stored in specialized cells calledadipocytes (fat cells) under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, and in themammary glands. As stored fuels, triglycerides have an advantage overpolysaccharides because they are unhydrated and lack the extra water weight ofpolysaccharides. Also, because the carbon atoms are more reduced than those ofsugars, oxidation of triglycerides yields more than twice as much energy, gramfor gram, as that of carbohydrates (Lehninger, 1993). Camera Obscura Experience EssayCalcium is involved in many processes of the body, includingneuromuscular excitability, muscle contraction, enzyme activity, hormonerelease, and blood coagulation. Calcium is also an important ion in that itaffects the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium. Withoutsufficient calcium, muscle spasms can occur due to erratic, spontaneous nervousimpulses. The majority of the calcium in the body is found in bone as phosphateand carbonate. In blood, calcium is available in two forms. The nondiffusibleform is bound to protein (mainly albumin) and makes up about 45 percent of themeasurable calcium. This bound form is inactive. The ionized forms of calciumare biologically active.If the circulating level falls, the bones are used asa source of calcium. Primary control of blood calcium is dependent on parathyroid hormone,calcitonin, and the presence of vitamin D. Parathyroid hormone maintains bloodcalcium level by increasing its absorption in the intestines from food andreducing its excretion by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone also stimulates therelease of calcium into the blood stream from the bones. Hyperparathyroidism,caused by tumors of the parathyroid, causes the bones to lose too much calciumand become soft and fragile. Calcitonin produces a hypocalcemic effect byinhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone and preventing calcium from leavingbones. Vitamin D stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption in the smallintestine and increases calcium and phosphate utilization from bone. Hypercalcemia may be caused by abnormal calcium/phosphorus ratio,hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, and hyperproteinemia. Hypocalcemia maybe caused by hypoproteinemia, renal failure, or pancreatitis (Bistner, 1995). Because approximately 98 percent of the total body potassium is found atthe intracellular level, potassium is the major intracellular cation. Thiscation is filtered by the glomeruli in the kidneys and nearly completelyreabsorbed by the proximal tubules. It is then excreted by the distal tubules. There is no renal threshold for potassium and it continues to be excreted in theurine even in low potassium states. Therefore, the body has no mechanism toprevent excessive loss of potassium (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Potassium plays a critical role in maintaining the normal cellular andmuscular function. Any imbalance of the bodys potassium level, increased ordecreased, may result in neuromuscular dysfunction, especially in the heartmuscle. Serious, and sometimes fatal, arrythmias may develop. A low serumpotassium level, hypokalemia, occurs with major fluid loss in gastrointestinaldisorders (i.e., vomiting, diarrhea), renal disease, diuretic therapy, diabetesmellitus, or mineralocorticoid dysfunction (i.e., Cushings disease). Anincreased serum potassium level, hyperkalemia, occurs most often in urinaryobstruction, anuria, or acute renal disease (Bistner, 1995). Sodium and its related anions (i.e., chloride and bicarbonate) areprimarily responsible for the osmotic attraction and retention of water in theextracellular fluid compartments. The endothelial membrane is freely permeableto these small electrolytes. Sodium is the most abundant extracellular cation,however, very little is present intracellularly. The main functions of sodiumin the body include maintenance of membrane potentials and initiation of actionpotentials in excitable membranes. The sodium concentration also largelydetermines the extracellular osmolarity and volume. The differentialconcentration of sodium is the principal force for the movement of water acrosscellular membranes. In addition, sodium is involved in the absorption ofglucose and some amino acids from the gastrointestinal tract (Lehninger, 1993). Sodium is ingested with food and water, and is lost from the body in urine,feces, and sweat. Most sodium secreted into the GI tract is reabsorbed. Theexcretion of sodium is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Decreased serum sodium levels, hyponatremia, can be seen in adrenalinsufficiency, inadequate sodium intake, renal insufficiency, vomiting ordiarrhea, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hypernatremia may occur indehydration, water deficit, hyperadrenocorticism, and central nervous systemtrauma or disease (Bistner, 1995). Chloride is the major extracellular anion. Chloride and bicarbonateions are important in the maintenance of acid-base balance. When chloride inthe form of hydrochloric acid or ammonium chloride is lost, alkalosis follows;when chloride is retained or ingested, acidosis follows. Elevated serumchloride levels, hyperchloremia, can be seen in renal disease, dehydration,overtreatment with saline solution, and carbon dioxide deficit (as occurs fromhyperventilation). Decreased serum chloride levels, hypochloremia, can be seenin diarrhea and vomiting, renal disease, overtreatment with certain diuretics,diabetic acidosis, hypoventilation (as occurs in pneumonia or emphysema), andadrenal insufficiency (de Morais, 1995). As seen above, one to two milliliters of blood can give a clinician agreat insight to the way an animals systems are functioning. With many moretests available and being developed every day, diagnosis becomes less invasiveto the patient. The more information that is made available to the doctorallows a faster diagnosis and recovery for the patient. BibliographyBarrie, Joan and Timothy D. G. Watson. Hyperlipidemia. Current VeterinaryTherapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Bistner, Stephen l. Kirk and Bistners Handbook of VeterinaryProcedures and Emergency Treatment. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. de Morais, HSA and William W. Muir. Strong Ions and Acid-BaseDisorders. Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. JohnBonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Fraser, Clarence M., ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual, SeventhEdition. Rahway, N. J.: Merck ; Co., 1991. Garrett, Reginald H. and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. FortWorth: Saunders College Publishing, 1995. Lehninger, Albert, David Nelson and Michael Cox. Principles ofBiochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers, 1993. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal Physiology: Adaptation andenvironment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Sodikoff, Charles. Labratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases. Santa Barbara: American Veterinary Publications, 1995. Category: Science

The dynasty of china Essays - Asia, Dynasties In Chinese History

The dynasty of china China was divided for long periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by different groups. In fact there was not a single dynasty ruling an entire China. The Chinese had many dynasties. Most of them did not live very long, but there were a few that did live an extremely long time. To name few of them are the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty were the strongest and most powerful as compared to the rest. Including also are the Yuan barbarian dynasty which too brought a change to China. China in all is one of the countries that can brag of an ancient civilization because it has a long and mysterious history. Like most other great civilizations throughout the world, China can trace its culture back to intermingle of small original tribes which have expanded in becoming the great country it is today. Each and every dynasty is ruled by an emperor and even as powerful as it were; the rise and fall of the great dynasties seemed to forms a continuous line tha t runs through China history. And this rise and fall has been occurring since the beginning of these dynasties. The Han dynasty The Han dynasty was in power from 206 B.C to 220 A.D. The Han dynasty was established after the fall of the Qin dynasty. The time period in which the Han dynasty was in power is believed to be the altitude of the Chinese culture. The Han dynasty is divided into two time periods. These two sections are divided by an emperor named Wang Mang. The first period is referred to as the Western Han, and the second is referred to as the Eastern Han. The capital of the former Han dynasty was located in Changan in the west, and the latter Han dynasty was centered in Luoyang. Many rebel groups joined together to over through the oppressive Qin dynasty. Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty was decades of constant civil war. During this war, the rebel groups fought for the imperial title. Finally two equally strong groups emerged and was lead by Xiang Yu, the decanted of a formally aristocratic family from Chu; and the other Liu Bang, who had a peasant background and had been a minor village o fficial, but the struggle, was not between different social classes, because both men had supporters from diverse backgrounds. (Brown and Schirokaver). Liu Bang finally defeated Xiang Yu in 202 B.C. Directly after which Xiang Yu committed suicide. Liu Bang, who had taken the title of King of Han, proclaimed himself as the first Emperor of the Han dynasty. The early years of the Han dynasty were characterized as power struggles among the emperors old comrades. Several of his generals had been given large land to rule or govern as vassal states of the Han court but they could not ignore the temptation of the throne. After the first generation the internal disputes were mainly geared around who among the children would be the next successor of the imperial house. It was not until Emperor Jin rule that seem that the Han Court was firmly secure. On the outside, the Han faced serious opposition from a rising nomadic empire, the Xiongun. The Xiongun had headed a group of various ethnic groups along the Eurasian boundary even before the Qin dynasty was founded. By the end of the third century, the Xionguns had become a strong empire that stretched from Central Asia. Han China, which had just emerged from the fall of the oppressive Qin dynasty and their decades of civil war, lacked the resources necessary to defend China from an attack made by the Xiongun, whose cavalry surpassed the Chinese infantry. Still in the first century of the Han rule, Han China was vulnerable both internally and externally. (Brown and Schirokaver). Tang Dynasty The Tang dynasty was in power for 290 years starting from 618 A.D to 907 A.D. Within only a few generations, the Tang dynasty exceeded even the Han dynasty in material grandeur and international power. The Tang dynasty succeeded a powerful but short-lived regime that had accomplished the original reunification: the Sui (Brown and Schirokaver). The