Corruption Perception Index - 5242 Words

QUESTION The Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is a comparative assessment of a country’s integrity performance along with related academic research on corruption. Provide a description of this index and its ranking. Identify the five countries with the lowest and five with highest CPI scores according to this index. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Ethics is accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession and the actions of an organization. There are five ethical issues which are employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption and the moral obligation of multinational companies. Corruption means misusing public office for personal gain for example, by accepting bribes or†¦show more content†¦Therefore, these two agencies will have effective anti-corruption measures and the sound legal framework continue to ensure government integrity. Lastly in terms of economic development. New Zealand’s strong commitment to economic freedom has resulted in a policy framework that encourages impressive economic resilience. Have high GDP per capita, low inequality rates and priorities human right issues (e.g. gender equality, freedom of information). Government enclosed all the information to avoid corruption. 2.2 Denmark In the 2011 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Denmark is the second top with a score of 9.4 after the New Zealand. Denmark have been consistently ranked at the top of the CPI and are perceived to be the least corrupt of all the countries surveyed (http://www.guardian.co.uk). Denmark is the country that was contribute less corruption due to some factors. Firstly is through the culture. Their people were well known as hardworking and able to articulate their opinion. It means these citizens were able to put thoughts and feelings into clear speech. They are too brave to speak. If there is any wrongdoings occured among themselves, they were advise and together in avoiding that fault. They are also practising openness. Openness is an incredible force to change society and to make sure the population can influenceShow MoreRelatedCorruption Perception Index World Wide Ranking Map1561 Words   |  7 Pages Corruption Perception Index world wide ranking map Figure 1 : CPI, Corruption Perception Index Figure 2 : Countries 1 to 95 Rank Figure 3 : Countries 95 to 182 Rank As shown in the Corruption perception Index ranking China ranks at 75 vs Mexico 100 Mexico Employment Mexican work law perceives and ensures the fundamental unalienable privileges of Employees, controls manager worker relations, and sets up the working conditions for workers. The Federal Labor Law (FLL) characterizes aRead MoreHow Corruption Affects The Public And Private Sectors Of Our World1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon with numerous causes and effects in the public and private sectors of our world. This dark trend has no boundaries, it is found in every country ranging from the economic leaders down to the least developed nations. The official definition given for corruption by Transparency International is â€Å"the abuse of entrusted power for private gain† (TI). The problem of corruption has been seen either as a structural problem of politics and economicsRead MoreCorruption and Economic Growth Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesCorruption and Economic Growth This brief overview analyzes corruption and its relationship to economic growth. The brief continues to consider the idea of economist Amartya Sen that development means more than economic growth. Additionally, provided, a quick risk analysis of two countries where corruption is common everyday practice. Corruption and Economic Growth Relationship What is the relationship between corruption in a country and economic growth? Answer this question. Research indicatesRead MoreCorruption Is The Biggest Among The Challenges Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Corruption is the biggest among the challenges in Nigeria. It is clear to every citizen of Nigeria that the level of corruption in the country is high. Corruption, an ethical and moral problem which varies from place to place, time to time, culture to culture and with the level of economic development; is a global phenomenon that affects developed, developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. It is a major societal problem in the 21st century (Aluko, 2008). 1.1 What is Corruption? CorruptionRead MorePolitical, Legal And Regulatory Environment Of China1194 Words   |  5 Pagesfor business in China. Although China has created this amendment to their law, the enforcement of this law has yet to be seen and creates a high risk factor for companies looking to enter the Chinese market. Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index ranks China as the 100th most corrupt country out of 175 countries (Transparency International). World Bank Group ranks China as 90th out of 189 economies when it comes to the ease of doing business (World Bank Group). Both of these ranksRead MoreThe Current Situation Of Bangladesh1095 Words   |  5 Pageswidespread corruption, chaos, and political aggression. The caretaker government worked to fight and demolish corruption from all levels of government. It arrested more than 160 people on charges of corruption including politicians, civil servants and businessman. It is worth mentioning that during these years the ca retaker government ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It also undertook institutional reforms such as reconstitution of the Anti-Corruption CommissionRead MoreEssay Pest for Russia1491 Words   |  6 Pagesof corruption in Russia and how it affects the retail industry seeking expansion. According to the corruption perception index 2010, Russia ranks at the 154th spot out of 178 countries and is tied with 9 other countries such as Cambodia and Kenya (Transparency International, 2010). Moreover, the Interior Ministry in Russia also reported that the average bribe paid in 2010 was $1450 and approximately $300 billion of bribes is received every year (Havocscope, 2010). This widespread corruption is startingRead MoreCorruption Of Government Of New Zealand1405 Words   |  6 PagesMy topic is about Corruption related to government sectors in New Zealand. I decided to search about this topic because I found the presentation about police in the class was interesting. The topic about corruption is interesting because the money is often from our tax and it is whether the government uses it in an appropriate and responsible way. In general, Corruption occurs when someone make use of governments’ power or money for their own interest. My topic relates to government sectors, taxationRead MoreThe Economic Development Of The Soviet Union1013 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of its independence, Kazakhstan has gone through a variety of challenges in its way to the creation of efficient tax system, such as high corruption rates, lack of qualified personnel and tax evasion. According to the Transparency International (2015), Kazakhstan is ranked 123rd among 165 countries covered by the report with the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of 28 which qualifies as extremely high. In addition, according the study conducted by the Association of Taxpayers of Kazakhstan (2013)Read MoreEssay about The Level of Corruption Across Countries794 Words   |  4 PagesInternational which is the leading global civil society organization that fight against corruption, Japan has a score of 74 out of 100 on the corruption perceptio ns index (CPI) and ranked 18 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). On the other hand, Ukraine has a score of 25 out of 100 and ranked 144 out of 177 countries (Transparency 2014). The outcome of the CPI is drawn on data which is related to corruption collected by various independent and reliable institutions (Transparency 2014). The percentage

Human Trafficking And Its Effects On Society - 2231 Words

Human Trafficking When the word slavery is heard, what usually comes to mind? For me, something of the past that usually involves the deportation by means of force of Africans into a colonizing America. The word usually makes me reflect on all of my history classes that I’ve been in throughout the years learning about how tragic it was, and how we, over the course of many years, abolished it. If you asked me a couple weeks ago what I knew about modern slavery, I would tell you that it’s a small problem that only affects a few countries like Somalia, India, and China. However, after reading a couple articles, and watching â€Å"Half The Sky: Turning Oppression Into Opportunity For Women†, I learned that it is a much bigger problem than most people know about. Modern Slavery, also called human trafficking, affects millions of people all around the world, and is most known for sex trafficking, and labor trafficking. There are many trafficking statistics that vary from 20.9 million to 40 million leaving its readers often confused on what to believe. Organizations often find these statistics hard to estimate because human trafficking is such a lucrative business, leaving a wide variety of numbers out there for readers to use for what they want. That usually leads to a misrepresentation of human trafficking and leaves people misinformed. However with the information I’ve been given, it’s said that 20.9 million people fall victim to trafficking, 1.7 million people in North AmericaShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1273 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost identical. Human trafficking, or â€Å"the modern slavery,† is defined as the â€Å"organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited (as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor)† by Merriam Webster Dictionary (np). At any given time this affects 2.4 million people, 80% of whom are sexually exploi ted. This paper will highlight the tragic past of human trafficking for sexual exploitation and its current effect on society. To begin withRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society2954 Words   |  12 PagesNothing drives our emotions or influences our understanding of horrific stories-than those of the modern-day trafficking. Human trafficking is a very problematic issue in our society today and more victims are being taken advantage of whether it’s through slavery, sexual exploitation, organ trade, or even forced labour. In most cases, the victims of trafficking is often known to be transferred from one country to another and forced to work for a benefit of the crime. In other words, it’s very commonRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society2095 Words   |  9 Pagesof women have disappeared due to sexual labor and trafficking in Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia. There are people around the world suffering from psychological damage, PTSD, anxiety, flashbacks, fear, insomnia, depression, sleep disorders, panic attacks, self-blame, and suicidal thoughts. Men and women are locked in factories at night to prevent escape. Traffickers use their patterns of travel to move terrorists. The profits made from human trafficking are part of the funding power for conflict and corruptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1206 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are something that everyone receives as soon as they are born in the world. These rights are given to everyone just for simply living on the earth no matter their race, sex, religion, or ethnicity. When someone tries to take one of those rights away it is called a human rights violation. A right that is interesting is the Right to Freedom. Something that violates the Right to Freedom is human trafficking, which also violates the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery in 1865, with theRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1156 Words   |  5 Pageslabor or sex. In today society pimp is glorified as a lady’s man. In reality pimp are not lady’s men, pimps are cri minal. The relationship between pimps and prostitutess is not what the society, imagining it more brute than what people perceive. Many people think that pimps are harmless because of the movies and the songs. Society needs to look deeper than the surface when it comes to pimps and prostitutes, that the relationship is master and slave as in human trafficking. The pimp is a person thatRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking is organized crime where human beings are controlled and exploited (Merriam-Webster).   Despite slavery being illegal in the United States and countless countries around the world, human trafficking known as the modern slavery still exists both domestically and internationally.   There are multiple forms of human trafficking such as forced labor, sex trafficking, child exploitation, organ and tissue trafficking, and people smuggling (INTERPOL).   Specifically looking at sex traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pages Human Trafficking Imagine an individual having a pet that they raised and loved for, then one day that pet got taken away from them by another individual. The one who stole the animal then claims it as their own and forces the pet to breed with another and then keeps it locked in a cage until they find a new use for it. They barely provide it with the efficient amount of attention and feed it only enough to not starve it out. Picturing this is disgusting and hard to imagine to happen to suchRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Trafficking is one of the many horrors that occur across the world that is not spoken about enough in society. Human trafficking can include organ trafficking, prostitution, child pornography, forced labor, debt bondage, child labor and child soldiers. In all cases of human trafficking, human beings are controlled and exposed for profit the most common type of profit being money. People who are victims of human trafficking can be found working in a myriad of places such as massage parlorsRead MoreHuman Trafficking, the Modern Slavery1034 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Perspectives Essay #2 Human Trafficking Causes and Effects Human Trafficking, The Modern Slavery Introduction Human trafficking is a big problem all around the world. Every year, thousands of men, women and children are kidnapped by traffickers, and forced into sexual exploitation and slavery. In this essay, I will talk about the causes of human trafficking and what effects it has on the victims, families, and society. Causes The cause of human trafficking is mainly the organizedRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Grave Crime And A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1555 Words   |  7 PagesHumana Trafficking Introduction Human trafficking refers to the practice of recruiting, transferring, transporting, receiving, or harboring people through the use of force, threat, or other forms of abduction, coercion, deception, fraud, as well as abuse of power or vulnerability position (Segrave 2). Human trafficking is a grave crime and a serious violation of human rights as it involves a broad range of human exploitations, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, slavery practices, as well

Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine Essay Example For Students

Clinical Chemistry Tests In Medicine Essay Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinicalchemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologicconditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individualtests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems canbe analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about thefunction of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper coversthe some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Likemost of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. Inthe course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination, the removal of theamino group. Deamination, which takes place principally in the liver, resultsin the formation of ammonia. In the liver, the ammonia is quickly converted tourea, which is relatively nontoxic, and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readily removed through the kidneys and excreted in theurine. Any disease or condition that reduces glomerular filtration or increasesprotein catabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is awaste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulusand blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscletissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by anonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a ratherconsistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into threemajor categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes includeheart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethralobstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renaldisease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN andcreatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff,1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucoselevel in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits.Inadequate orexcessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucose can affectnearly every system in the body. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may becaused by pancreatic tumors (over-production of insulin), starvation,hypoadrenocorticism, hypopituitarism, and severe exertion. Elevated bloodglucose levels (hyperglycemia) can occur in diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism,hyperadrenocorticism, hyperpituitarism, anoxia (because of the instability ofliver glycogen in oxygen deficiency), certain physiologic conditions (exposureto cold, digestion) and pancreatic necrosis (because the pancreas producesinsulin which controls blood glucose levels). Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action ofinsulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdownof liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver andstimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-richmeal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretionand decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscletissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin alsoactivates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is convertedto glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger,1993). With insufficient insulin, glucose is not used by the tissues andaccumulates in the blood. The accumulated glucose then spills into the urine. Additional amounts of water are retained in urine because of the accumulation ofglucose and polyuria (excessive urination) results. In order to preventdehydration, more water than normal is consumed (polydipsia). In the absence ofinsulin, fatty acids released form adipose tissue are converted to ketone bodies(acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone). Although ketone bodiescan be used a energy sources, insulin deficiency impairs the ability of tissuesto use ketone bodies, which accumulate in the blood. Because they are acids,ketones may exhaust the ability of the body to maintain normal pH. Ketones areexcreted by the kidneys, drawing water with them into the urine. Ketones arealso negatively charged and draw positively charged ions (sodium, potassium,calcium) with them into urine. Some other results of diabetes mellitus arecataracts (because of abnormal glucose metabolism in the lens which results inthe accumulation of water), abnormal neutrophil function (resulting in gr eatersusceptibility to infection), and an enlarged liver (due to fat accumulation)(Fraser, 1991). Bilirubin is a bile pigment derived from the breakdown of heme by thereticuloendothelial system. The reticuloendothelial system filters out anddestroys spent red blood cells yielding a free iron molecule and ultimately,bilirubin. Bilirubin binds to serum albumin, which restricts it from urinaryexcretion, and is transported to the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is changedinto bilirubin diglucuronide, which is sufficiently water soluble to be secretedwith other components of bile into the small intestine. Impaired liver functionor blocked bile secretion causes bilirubin to leak into the blood, resulting ina yellowing of the skin and eyeballs (jaundice). Determination of bilirubinconcentration in the blood is useful in diagnosing liver disease (Lehninger,1993). Increased bilirubin can also be caused by hemolysis, bile ductobstruction, fever, and starvation (Bistner, 1995). Two important serum lipids are cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is a precursor to bile salts and steroid hormones. The principlebile salts, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid, are important in thedigestion of food and the solubilization of ingested fats. The desmolasereaction converts cholesterol, in mitochondria, to pregnenolone which istransported to the endoplasmic reticulum and converted to progesterone. This isthe precursor to all other steroid hormones (Garrett, 1995). Triglycerides are the main form in which lipids are stored and are thepredominant type of dietary lipid. They are stored in specialized cells calledadipocytes (fat cells) under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, and in themammary glands. As stored fuels, triglycerides have an advantage overpolysaccharides because they are unhydrated and lack the extra water weight ofpolysaccharides. Also, because the carbon atoms are more reduced than those ofsugars, oxidation of triglycerides yields more than twice as much energy, gramfor gram, as that of carbohydrates (Lehninger, 1993). Camera Obscura Experience EssayCalcium is involved in many processes of the body, includingneuromuscular excitability, muscle contraction, enzyme activity, hormonerelease, and blood coagulation. Calcium is also an important ion in that itaffects the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium. Withoutsufficient calcium, muscle spasms can occur due to erratic, spontaneous nervousimpulses. The majority of the calcium in the body is found in bone as phosphateand carbonate. In blood, calcium is available in two forms. The nondiffusibleform is bound to protein (mainly albumin) and makes up about 45 percent of themeasurable calcium. This bound form is inactive. The ionized forms of calciumare biologically active.If the circulating level falls, the bones are used asa source of calcium. Primary control of blood calcium is dependent on parathyroid hormone,calcitonin, and the presence of vitamin D. Parathyroid hormone maintains bloodcalcium level by increasing its absorption in the intestines from food andreducing its excretion by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone also stimulates therelease of calcium into the blood stream from the bones. Hyperparathyroidism,caused by tumors of the parathyroid, causes the bones to lose too much calciumand become soft and fragile. Calcitonin produces a hypocalcemic effect byinhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone and preventing calcium from leavingbones. Vitamin D stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption in the smallintestine and increases calcium and phosphate utilization from bone. Hypercalcemia may be caused by abnormal calcium/phosphorus ratio,hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, and hyperproteinemia. Hypocalcemia maybe caused by hypoproteinemia, renal failure, or pancreatitis (Bistner, 1995). Because approximately 98 percent of the total body potassium is found atthe intracellular level, potassium is the major intracellular cation. Thiscation is filtered by the glomeruli in the kidneys and nearly completelyreabsorbed by the proximal tubules. It is then excreted by the distal tubules. There is no renal threshold for potassium and it continues to be excreted in theurine even in low potassium states. Therefore, the body has no mechanism toprevent excessive loss of potassium (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Potassium plays a critical role in maintaining the normal cellular andmuscular function. Any imbalance of the bodys potassium level, increased ordecreased, may result in neuromuscular dysfunction, especially in the heartmuscle. Serious, and sometimes fatal, arrythmias may develop. A low serumpotassium level, hypokalemia, occurs with major fluid loss in gastrointestinaldisorders (i.e., vomiting, diarrhea), renal disease, diuretic therapy, diabetesmellitus, or mineralocorticoid dysfunction (i.e., Cushings disease). Anincreased serum potassium level, hyperkalemia, occurs most often in urinaryobstruction, anuria, or acute renal disease (Bistner, 1995). Sodium and its related anions (i.e., chloride and bicarbonate) areprimarily responsible for the osmotic attraction and retention of water in theextracellular fluid compartments. The endothelial membrane is freely permeableto these small electrolytes. Sodium is the most abundant extracellular cation,however, very little is present intracellularly. The main functions of sodiumin the body include maintenance of membrane potentials and initiation of actionpotentials in excitable membranes. The sodium concentration also largelydetermines the extracellular osmolarity and volume. The differentialconcentration of sodium is the principal force for the movement of water acrosscellular membranes. In addition, sodium is involved in the absorption ofglucose and some amino acids from the gastrointestinal tract (Lehninger, 1993). Sodium is ingested with food and water, and is lost from the body in urine,feces, and sweat. Most sodium secreted into the GI tract is reabsorbed. Theexcretion of sodium is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(Schmidt-Nielsen, 1995). Decreased serum sodium levels, hyponatremia, can be seen in adrenalinsufficiency, inadequate sodium intake, renal insufficiency, vomiting ordiarrhea, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hypernatremia may occur indehydration, water deficit, hyperadrenocorticism, and central nervous systemtrauma or disease (Bistner, 1995). Chloride is the major extracellular anion. Chloride and bicarbonateions are important in the maintenance of acid-base balance. When chloride inthe form of hydrochloric acid or ammonium chloride is lost, alkalosis follows;when chloride is retained or ingested, acidosis follows. Elevated serumchloride levels, hyperchloremia, can be seen in renal disease, dehydration,overtreatment with saline solution, and carbon dioxide deficit (as occurs fromhyperventilation). Decreased serum chloride levels, hypochloremia, can be seenin diarrhea and vomiting, renal disease, overtreatment with certain diuretics,diabetic acidosis, hypoventilation (as occurs in pneumonia or emphysema), andadrenal insufficiency (de Morais, 1995). As seen above, one to two milliliters of blood can give a clinician agreat insight to the way an animals systems are functioning. With many moretests available and being developed every day, diagnosis becomes less invasiveto the patient. The more information that is made available to the doctorallows a faster diagnosis and recovery for the patient. BibliographyBarrie, Joan and Timothy D. G. Watson. Hyperlipidemia. Current VeterinaryTherapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Bistner, Stephen l. Kirk and Bistners Handbook of VeterinaryProcedures and Emergency Treatment. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. de Morais, HSA and William W. Muir. Strong Ions and Acid-BaseDisorders. Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. JohnBonagura. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995. Fraser, Clarence M., ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual, SeventhEdition. Rahway, N. J.: Merck ; Co., 1991. Garrett, Reginald H. and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. FortWorth: Saunders College Publishing, 1995. Lehninger, Albert, David Nelson and Michael Cox. Principles ofBiochemistry. New York: Worth Publishers, 1993. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal Physiology: Adaptation andenvironment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Sodikoff, Charles. Labratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases. Santa Barbara: American Veterinary Publications, 1995. Category: Science

The dynasty of china Essays - Asia, Dynasties In Chinese History

The dynasty of china China was divided for long periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by different groups. In fact there was not a single dynasty ruling an entire China. The Chinese had many dynasties. Most of them did not live very long, but there were a few that did live an extremely long time. To name few of them are the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty were the strongest and most powerful as compared to the rest. Including also are the Yuan barbarian dynasty which too brought a change to China. China in all is one of the countries that can brag of an ancient civilization because it has a long and mysterious history. Like most other great civilizations throughout the world, China can trace its culture back to intermingle of small original tribes which have expanded in becoming the great country it is today. Each and every dynasty is ruled by an emperor and even as powerful as it were; the rise and fall of the great dynasties seemed to forms a continuous line tha t runs through China history. And this rise and fall has been occurring since the beginning of these dynasties. The Han dynasty The Han dynasty was in power from 206 B.C to 220 A.D. The Han dynasty was established after the fall of the Qin dynasty. The time period in which the Han dynasty was in power is believed to be the altitude of the Chinese culture. The Han dynasty is divided into two time periods. These two sections are divided by an emperor named Wang Mang. The first period is referred to as the Western Han, and the second is referred to as the Eastern Han. The capital of the former Han dynasty was located in Changan in the west, and the latter Han dynasty was centered in Luoyang. Many rebel groups joined together to over through the oppressive Qin dynasty. Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty was decades of constant civil war. During this war, the rebel groups fought for the imperial title. Finally two equally strong groups emerged and was lead by Xiang Yu, the decanted of a formally aristocratic family from Chu; and the other Liu Bang, who had a peasant background and had been a minor village o fficial, but the struggle, was not between different social classes, because both men had supporters from diverse backgrounds. (Brown and Schirokaver). Liu Bang finally defeated Xiang Yu in 202 B.C. Directly after which Xiang Yu committed suicide. Liu Bang, who had taken the title of King of Han, proclaimed himself as the first Emperor of the Han dynasty. The early years of the Han dynasty were characterized as power struggles among the emperors old comrades. Several of his generals had been given large land to rule or govern as vassal states of the Han court but they could not ignore the temptation of the throne. After the first generation the internal disputes were mainly geared around who among the children would be the next successor of the imperial house. It was not until Emperor Jin rule that seem that the Han Court was firmly secure. On the outside, the Han faced serious opposition from a rising nomadic empire, the Xiongun. The Xiongun had headed a group of various ethnic groups along the Eurasian boundary even before the Qin dynasty was founded. By the end of the third century, the Xionguns had become a strong empire that stretched from Central Asia. Han China, which had just emerged from the fall of the oppressive Qin dynasty and their decades of civil war, lacked the resources necessary to defend China from an attack made by the Xiongun, whose cavalry surpassed the Chinese infantry. Still in the first century of the Han rule, Han China was vulnerable both internally and externally. (Brown and Schirokaver). Tang Dynasty The Tang dynasty was in power for 290 years starting from 618 A.D to 907 A.D. Within only a few generations, the Tang dynasty exceeded even the Han dynasty in material grandeur and international power. The Tang dynasty succeeded a powerful but short-lived regime that had accomplished the original reunification: the Sui (Brown and Schirokaver). The

Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Material

Introduction The debate on exploration and utilization of nuclear material revolves around safety concerns, especially on what it portends to humans, plants, animals and the environment upon exposure to radioactive elements. Proponents as well as opponents are sharply divided on socioeconomic as well as environmental sustainability and suitability of nuclear programs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Material specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ironically, both sides of this debate agree that nuclear programs create significant safety risks to users as well as to the natural environment. However, proponents argue that opposing the utilization of nuclear materials is shortsighted since this is an act of utility. There are numerous benefits not only to countries that invest in nuclear programs but also to the entire global community. For instance the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA argues that establishing nuclear programs requires massive funding. However these costs can be recouped on the long term from money saved from foregoing other expensive sources of energy. Additionally, proponents argue that nuclear programs have long term socioeconomic and environmental benefits since nuclear energy reduces greenhouse emissions. As such, these programs are in support of global initiatives towards the reduction of greenhouse emissions. Additionally, IAEA argues that nuclear power is relatively cheaper compared to other sources of energy. Thus, in nuclear programs, countries have access to cheaper and sustainable sources of energy, which enhances economic growth and development (International Energy Agency 4 to 8). While the hotly contested debate on the usability, viability and sustainability of nuclear programs ranges on, industry players tend to agree with IAEA. This has resulted to a series of agreements, popularly referred to as Nuclear Cooperation Agreements NCAs, being signed to facilitate sharing of knowledge on the utilization of nuclear resources to promote peaceful coexistence among nation as well as social economic development. These agreements, proposed by The US President Dwight Eisenhower while addressing theUN General Assembly in 1953, ushered in the atomic age. These treaties are aimed at promoting the use of nuclear materials for the attainment of global peace, social economic prosperity of nations as well as for environmental sustainability (Fuhrmann 7). The International Energy Agency claims that the use of nuclear power dropped by about 1.8% towards the year 2010 (International Energy Agency 5 to 6). Regardless of this, Fuhrmann argues that there is a significant increase in the number of NCAs signed over the same period (8).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, France is among the s tates that have signed numerous NCAs with countries such as Libya and UAE, to produce nuclear power. Such agreements are intended to mitigate the effects of energy shortages resulting from the increase in prices of crude oil. Additionally, these countries intend to use NCA programs as measures to curb global warming (Fuhrmann 7). NCAs are designed to promote peaceful cooperation in sharing nuclear resources. However, there are concerns that NCAs leads to proliferation of nuclear weapons. Opponents of NCAs argue that proliferation of nuclear weapons emanates from the demand side of the demand-supply mechanism, rather than from a country’s capacity and capability to produce these weapons. As such, the supply side is usually compelled to meet the requirements of the demand side, motivated by financial benefits. Regardless of this, those who support nuclear programs argue that most of NCA programs are innocuous as they are designed to offer assistance to countries with weaker tec hnical abilities to utilize nuclear resources (Fuhrmann 7). Such an approach is however, wrong because nuclear resources can be used for other purposes other than production of energy. The risk of proliferation cannot be dissociated from NCA programs since, by receiving technical assistance, countries increase their capacity and ability to utilize nuclear resources for functions other than generation of energy. As such, the risk of proliferation of nuclear weapons exists alongside existing NCAs (Sagan 58). Arguments on the threat posed by nuclear programs are not purely theoretical. There is sufficient evidence to prove that sharing knowledge on how to utilize nuclear resources increases the risks of nuclear calamities. For instance, recent findings from countries such as South Africa, Pakistan and India indicates that there is an increase in hazardous activities, especially proliferation of nuclear weapons after the introduction of US backed NAC programs (Fuhrmann 15). These three countries are some of the practical examples which portray risks outlined by Fuhrmann, and indicate that the risks and challenges emanating from exploitation of nuclear materials cannot be ignored.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Material specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The focus on proliferation of nuclear weapons in the preceding section describes facts from existing studies and is intended to highlight salient risks caused by nuclear programs. This paper focuses on environmental risks posed by nuclear programs. Therefore, the following questions seem relevant for this paper: what are the environmental effects caused by nuclear programs? To what extent is the environment affected by effects of nuclear activities? In light of the findings highlighted above, it is imperative to acknowledge that nuclear programs have multiple effects, both positive and negative, on the e nvironment, the global economy as well as social set up of affected communities. As indicated earlier, risks posed by nuclear programs ought not to be ignored. Therefore, it seems relevant to hypothesize that despite assured benefits, there are serious environmental effects emanating from nuclear programs. To defend this assertion, the theoretical underpinnings as well as supporting evidence are outlined in the sections that follow. The interaction of nuclear material with the environment: causes This section begins by explaining the context within which the term environment is used. In his research paper, Fuhrmann repeatedly uses the term ‘security environment’ in relation to international peace and security. In his paper, Fuhrmann uses the term environment to refer to all variables that determine peaceful utilization of nuclear resources for mutual benefit. However, in this research paper, the term environment refers to all components of nature including atmospheric e lements as well as the biosphere. Having stated this, it is imperative to explain how nuclear materials cause environmental harm. In this case, the section begins by explaining ways through which radioactive material interacts with the environment. During the process of nuclear power production, it is almost impossible to prevent the release of radioactive material into the environment. This is due to the fact that the production of nuclear power involves the release of radionuclides into the environment during the front and the back end processes. Radionuclides are released in form of gases and liquids. To prevent environmental damages from the said radionuclides, nuclear power generators employ a control system referred to as Dose Limitation Control. The system is designed such that it optimizes the protection of the environment around a nuclear power plant, human beings and animals living nearby.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, there exist stringent safety measures that ensure dose release elements are maintained at slightly over one thousandth of the standards limits. Regardless of these safety measures, there is a critical element of routine release that requires further attention. Studies reveal that there are three potentially harmful radionuclides released during this process. These are 3H, 85Kr and 15C, and are released into the environment either as gasses or liquids (Paschoa 1, 2). Therefore one of the major interaction methods involves dose control emissions. Other than interactions emanating from dose control emissions, there are potential environmental hazards associated with nuclear accidents. Accidents can either occur during the process of production, negligence, technical failure, equipment failure or as a result of a natural calamity such as an earthquake. To minimize the threat of possible accidents, designers of nuclear power plants conduct extensive surveys on intended sites o f construction to determine stability and suitability. These surveys also include the surrounding environment, the people living around the area and orography. Data from such surveys is used to determine possible effects on the surrounding environment in the event of an accident (Paschoa 3). Measures to prevent the occurrence of accidents are not however, 100 % effective. Numerous accidents have occurred in the last 40 years. These accidents casts doubt on safety measures undertaken by nuclear power producers and heighten the fears of serous environmental risks. In addition to these, the extraction of nuclear materials emits significant amounts of greenhouse gasses such as CO2. Moreover, disposal of radioactive waste is suspected to have negative effects on the environment. As reported by World Information Transfer, an organization that largely lobbies for sharing of information on safety issues regarding handling of nuclear materials, nuclear accidents occur as a result of differen t causes (4). However, the turning point on nuclear disaster management was the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Chernobyl disaster is attributed to the combination of engineering deficiencies and poor operational conditions within the nuclear reactors. This led to an uncontrollable power surge. The subsequent nuclear meltdown culminated in a series of events which released radioactive material into the surrounding environment (GreenFacts n.pgn; World Information Transfer 2). While the Chernobyl disaster resulted from preventable human errors, the Fukushima nuclear accident resulted from an earthquake, which experts termed as unpredictable and unpreventable (World Information Transfer 2). Regardless of the cause of nuclear accidents, the effects of such accident are disastrous. Environmental impacts of radioactive materials In the previous section, attempts are made to provide the theoretical underpinnings on ways through which exploitation of nuclear material leads to release of rad ionuclides into the environment. In light of these findings, it is imperative to highlight the possible effects on the environment before analyzing them Vis a Vis existing cases. As explained earlier, radionuclides are released in form of gases and liquids and pose significant threat to the natural environment, which includes the atmosphere and the biosphere. These effects are outlined as follows. As a result of nuclear accidents, radioactive materials such as Iodine are released into the atmosphere. Radioiodine is readily absorbed by plants and animals. Additionally, Caesium134 caesium137 are readily absorbed by grazing animals. Moreover, studies conducted indicate that wild plants such as berries, mushrooms as well as edible wild animals are capable of absorbing these radioactive elements. As such people who consume products from contaminated animals and plants face the risk of contamination. Further studies reveal that consumption of contaminated foodstuffs causes cancer and othe r incurable ailments such as leukemia and lymphoma (Baker and Hoel 358). Furthermore, nuclear scientists have had concerns on the impacts of radioactive material on the genetic make up of organisms living contaminated areas. Therefore, there is likelihood of alteration to the genetic design of affected organisms. Additionally, there are possibilities of reduction in rates of reproduction by animals and plants living in affected areas. These studies further reveal that some organisms record genetic deformities. Nuclear activities also release significant elements of radioactive active material especially caesium137 and strontium90. These materials are readily absorbed by marine animals especially fish. Even though the consumption of contaminated fish poses no significant threat, it nevertheless leads to redistribution of fish and other forms of marine life (GreenFacts n.pgn; Yoshimoto 355; Sovacool 141). Having highlighted the probable effects of radioactive material on the environme nt, it is imperative to analyze these effects Vis a Vis existing cases. As explained earlier there are numerous cases where accidents led to release of radioactive elements into the environment. However, this paper will focus on two of these cases namely, the Chernobyl and the Fukushima nuclear disasters. The choice of these two is influenced by the significance with which these two cases have on the politics of nuclear safety management. Fukushima nuclear disaster: environmental effects According to the World Information Transfer, the full extent of the Fukushima nuclear disaster on the environment cannot be ascertained (2). However, there are significant amounts of radioactive materials found in soils, air and water within the 30 kilometer radius of the affected area. For instance soil samples taken from this area were found to have significant amounts of radioactive isotopes of Cesium, Strontium and Peritoneum. As a result, the government banned agricultural activities around thi s area, especially rice farming since these isotopes are easily absorbed by rice plants. Additionally, substantive amounts of radioactive elements were found to contaminate pastures fed to cows reared for beef and milk. As such, the government of Japan banned the consumption of dairy products manufactured from cows reared in this region. It is imperative to note that initially, no significant amount of radioactive elements was found on water bodies in Fukushima. However, tests conducted later on the sewage systems as well as sea water provided evidence of contamination. Additionally, marine life seems not to have been significantly affected by radioactivity. However, some species of fish were found to be contaminated with trace elements of radioactive elements. Scientists assert that contamination in fish seems to have occurred from trace elements of Cesium, Strontium and Peritoneum found in soils samples from the Miyagi seabed and planktons found in nearby water bodies. The fish ho wever, pose no threat to human life. Radioactive cesium was also found to contaminate forest species, with male flowers from cedar trees returning positive results (JAIF 1 to 3). Numerous tests conducted by Japan Industrial Atomic Forum, JAIF on environmental effects reveal an increase in the level of radiological activity in sea life (JAIF 2). These results are supported by separate tests conducted by IRSN, which indicate that the radioactivity is on its juvenile stage and is likely to increase in the coming years. Thus there is need to have constant tests to verify this alarming trend (IRSN 12). Tests conducted on marine animals such as Japanese mackerel, the Japanese eel fish anchovies and shellfish taken from contaminated areas reveal an increasing level of Iodine 131 as well as Caesium 134 and 137. This however, can be attributed to sustained consumption of contaminated zooplanktons and phytoplankton (IRSN 12, 13). Currently, there is evidence indicating that the Fukushima disa ster led to contamination of the environment with radioactive elements. Latest tests indicate that the level of radioactive materials is 25 times above the standard requirements. This affects human activities, with the agriculture industry suffering the most. Agricultural products such as rice, milk and tea were found to be contaminated with significant amounts of radioactive elements and therefore significantly pose health risks to consumers. Currently, it is impossible to measure the exact impacts on people, animals and plants. However, scientists assert that the long term effects of Fukushima tragedy can be compared to effects of the Chernobyl disaster (Fackler 6). Chernobyl nuclear disaster Despite the fact that the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster occurred 25 years ago, its effects will be felt for years to come. Critics of nuclear programs argue that the social economic as well as political cost incurred from such disasters is not justifiable. Proponents argue that, unlike the Fukus hima nuclear disaster, Chernobyl occurred as a result of human error and could have been avoided. As such, by improving safety standards, nations can share nuclear resources without incurring such costs (Sovacool 141). Nevertheless, Chernobyl disaster has multiple effects on the environment. These are enumerated below. The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster led to irreversible defects on the biosphere, including on human beings, animals as well as on plants. 20 years after Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster, scientists have found incredible evidence linking the recurrence of numerous medical conditions in people living near or around the affected areas to radioactive materials released during the accident. In 2006, extensive studies on the recurrence of thyroid cancer amongst the residents living near Chernobyl traced the condition to radioactive isotopes released after the accident (IAEA 24 to 28). Additionally, these studies concludes that other conditions such as thyroid diseases as well as post traumatic stress are traceable to radionuclides released after the accident (World Information Transfer 3). Recent tests link Chernobyl nuclear disaster to reproductive deficiencies in coniferous plants as well as genetic defects in the somatic and germ cells of animals living in the affected area. While these are considered as long term effects, it is important to note that immediately after the accident, more that 200 workers on duty received â€Å"very high doses of radioactive matter resulting to radiation sickness† (World Information Transfer 21). The effects of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster on the biosphere are considered secondary. Nuclear scientists argue that the primary effect is widespread surface deposits. For ten days after the accident, the damaged nuclear plant deposited vast amounts of radioactive gases and liquids into the atmosphere. A report conducted by IAEA confirms that isotopes of iodine 131, Caesium 137, Stronium 90, Americium241 as well as Plutonium as some of the major radionuclides deposited into the environment. These isotopes were released into an area measuring about 200 000 Sq Kms, spreading over three countries namely Belarussia, Russia and Ukraine. Some of these isotopes did not however, have long lasting effects on the environment as they decayed quickly as a result of their short-half lives. However, radioactive elements such as Caesium 137, Stronium 90, and Americium241 remain relatively high. Scientists and environmental experts are concerned that Caesium 137, especially is of considerable long term significance due to the level of toxicity as well as extended half-life (IAEA 21). Surface radionuclides deposits have significant effects on the environment. IAEA reports that within a few months after the accident, plants and animals within 100 kilometer radius interacted with radioactive material. While animals were not directly affected by these deposits, scientists were concerned about the long term effects of radionuc lides contamination in plants. These fears were confirmed when tests conducted on plants for caesium137 and Caesium 134 returned positive results. The occurrence of Radioactive Iodine 131 was however, found to diminish because of its short-half life. Consumption of contaminated fodder by livestock led to subsequent contamination of dairy products, and was attributed to occurrence of thyroid cancer young among children in Belarussia, Russia and Ukraine (IAEA 21 to 24). Scientists asserted that contamination of agricultural products occurred as a result of direct contact with contaminated water and air. Further tests revealed that much of the radioactive contamination in plants emanates from uptake of radioactive substances found in contaminated soils. It is evident that contaminated soils considerably impacted plants. Forests and wildlife were similarly affected as result of uptake of radionuclides from soils. Radiocaesium was prevalently found to exist within forest ecosystems, with radioactive levels remaining relatively constant for the last 20 years. Cedar trees, wild mushrooms as well as wild berries were found to be rich in Caesium 137. High levels of Caesium 137are not expected to reduce in the coming decades. This implies that for along time, forests will continue to dominate radiological exposure in large parts of Belarussia, Ukraine and Russia. Other than wild plants, wild animals have been contaminated with radiocaesium. Some species of wild animals such as reindeers were found to take in radiocaesium from lichens. Reindeer is significant beef supplement to people living around Chernobyl. As such, consumption of meat from reindeer exposes consumers to risks associated with radioactive material (IAEA 25). Immediately after the accident, there were concerns that the water system around Chernobyl would significantly be contaminated. Preliminary tests conducted on primary water sources such as lakes and rivers showed that there were significant amounts o f Iodine 131. Concerns over the safety of drinking water were confirmed when samples taken from Kyiv Reservoir indicated presence of this radionuclide. However, subsequent tests revealed diminishing levels of radioactivity attributed to quick natural decay and the absorption by bedrock and river bed soils. This however posed a new challenge to aquatic life, which depends on phytoplankton and zooplanktons. Aquatic plants readily absorb these radionuclides. As such, fishes, which largely consume these plants, were in danger of contamination. Tests conducted on fish revealed that the levels of contamination increased with time. Scientist attributed this to sustained consumption of plants contaminated with Stronium, Caesium and Iodine. While the accumulation of radioiodine reduced drastically due to decay, radiocaesium on the other hand consistently remained high. The effects of radiocaesium were also evident in fish species found in lakes as far as Germany. However, strontium did not p ose any threat to human beings since, unlike other radioactive elements it accumulates in non-edible parts of an organism such as bones. Scientist have noted with concern that for decades to come, water systems in Belarussia, Ukraine and Russia will significantly expose people to caesium 137 (IAEA 25, 26). Radionuclides were deposited into the air immediately after the accident. However, this did not pose any significant threat to human beings. Radionuclides tended to be concentrated in open spaces such as public parks, open lawns and public squares. The combination of wind, human activity, air moisture and rain helped to quickly dissipate radioactive material into soils and plants. Additionally, since contaminated air threatened the lives of people immediately after the accident, nearby towns were evacuated in time. Therefore, despite the fact that contaminated air posed a significant threat to people, a series of actions ensured that it did not provide radiological exposure (IAEA 22). Possible remediation It is evident that nuclear disasters such as the Chernobyl and Fukushima have serious environmental effects, which further affect human and animal life. It is therefore important to enumerate, albeit briefly, suggested remediation activities aimed at mitigating these effects. Decontamination of affected areas is one of the primary remediation exercises. Even though plagued by political and logistical problems, decontamination of affected areas realized notable success after the Chernobyl accident. Scientists suggested that pastures from affected areas be omitted from cattle diet. This effort however, was an act in futility as it was implemented too late as contaminated fodder had already been fed to cows. The biggest threat occurred as a result of contaminated soils. As such, scientists involved in Chernobyl and Fukushima disaster management suggested treatment of contaminated soils. The sustainability of such treatment programs has however been affected by economic constraints, especially in economically weak Belarussia. In addition there are restrictions on hunting, farming and harvesting of wild fruits from affected areas. This is aimed at reducing exposure to contaminated materials (IAEA 28; JAIF 2). Conclusion The need to explore alternative and environmentally friendly sources of power has led to the exploration of the possibility of utilizing radioactive material as a source of sustainable energy. This is aimed at meeting the ever increasing demand for renewable energy and has resulted to the development of various nuclear programs, especially by developed countries. It is imperative to note that nuclear power offers sustainable and cost effective sources of energy that is likely to spur global economic growth. However, in its inception stage, scientist noted that nuclear programs had inherent risks to the environment as well as to human beings and animals. The initial risks and challenges seemed to have been the proliferation of nuclear weapons, especially due to the fact that the demand for such weapons is not necessarily necessitated by a country’s nuclear capacity. In light of the recent events, the risk of proliferation seems to be overtaken by the dangers of nuclear accidents. There are several nuclear accidents that have occurred since the rise of the atomic age. Two of these, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disasters have had serious long term environmental as well as health related effects. Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters occurred as a result human errors and natural calamities respectively. Regardless of the previously accrued benefits, the after effects of these two disasters are almost similar and surpass any gains made before the accidents occurred. The sustainability of such projects is thus highly questionable. According to Fackler (6) there is need to evaluate the real cost of nuclear as a source of energy. Fackler argues that proponents of nuclear programs ought to look beyond th e economic benefits accrued from such programs to effects on the environment, on people’s health and socioeconomic consequences that arise as a result of nuclear accidents. Since majority of these consequences are irreversible, it is necessary to abandon nuclear programs, and explore less risky energy sources. Fackler’s assertion seems to be supported by IAEA findings on the effects of Chernobyl nuclear disaster, which stipulate that people, animals and plants suffered irreversible health and genetic alterations as a result of exposure to radioactive materials. Additionally, IAEA reports notable reproductive deficiencies in some species of plants as a result to the Chernobyl accident. These effects have occurred irrespective of extensive remediation efforts. This further leads to questions on the impacts of future generations, especially since exposure to radioactive material resulted to genetic alterations. Additionally, IAEA confirms that some of the radionuclides su ch as Caesium remain radioactive for long periods, and thus environmental effects will be felt for many years to come. Moreover, questions on possible effects on the environment and people as a result of extended exposure arise. These questions are further compounded by scientific findings which state that the extent of radioactive exposure is almost impossible to ascertain. Therefore, it is possible to ascertain that the management of nuclear programs is shrouded in uncertainties, speculation and lack of creditworthy data on the social economic as well as environment implications. Due to the evidence enumerated in this paper, it is therefore necessary to conclude that there is an urgent need to rethink and restrategize the management of nuclear programs. Works Cited Baker, Peter and David Hoel. â€Å"Meta-Analysis of Standardized Incidence and Mortality Rates of Childhood Leukemia in Proximity to Nuclear Facilities†. European Journal of Cancer Care 16.4(2007) 355–363. Print Fackler, Martin. â€Å"Large Zone near Japanese Reactors to be off Limits†. The New York Times. August 21, 2011. Web.. Fuhrmann, Matthew. â€Å"Spreading Temptation Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements† International Security. 2009. Web. GreenFacts. Scientific Facts on the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. 2008. Web. IAEA. Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. 2008. Web.. International Energy Agency. Energy Statistics. 2007. Web.. IRSN. Impact on the Marine Environment of Radioactive Releases Following the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima Daiichi. 2011. Web.. JAIF. Environmental Impact Caused by the Nuclear Power Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. 2011. Web.. Paschoa, Salles. The Environmental Effects of Nuclear Power Production. n.d. Web. Sagan, Scott. â€Å"Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb,† International Security, 21.3 (1997) 58. Print Sovac ool, Benjamin. â€Å"Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy†. World Scientific. 3.2 (2011) 141. Print World Information Transfer. â€Å"Nuclear Power: History Revisited.† Summer-Fall, 2011. Web. Yoshimoto, Yuhei. â€Å"Research on Potential Radiation Risks in areas With Nuclear Power Plants in Japan: Leukaemia and Malignant Lymphoma Mortality between 1972 and 1997 in 100 Selected Municipalities†. Journal of Radiological Protection 24.4 (2004). 343–368. Print This research paper on Environmental Impacts of Nuclear Material was written and submitted by user Catherine W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

The Rule of Six of Film Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rule of Six of Film Editing - Essay Example I believe that what Murch quintessentially intends to say in The Rule of Six is that while working in the cutting room, and editor ought to pay heed to one’s heart and intuition and opt for a cut that one finds most compelling. Many times while being in the cutting room, an editor may come across situations where one may need to execute a compromise between emotion and continuity. Technicalities and continuity do matter; yet, the mastery of an editor’s skill actually depends on one’s ability to opt for a cut that accentuates the emotive content and force of a particular scene. For in the end what the audience tend to remember is the emotional force that a particular scene had over them, the extent to which a scene succeeded in playing with their sense of fear and hope, and the power with which it kept them engaged and riveted. If a cut succeeds in honoring these expectations, it is perfect even if it slips a little on the continuity scale. Considering the fact that young editors do come across situations when they feel that their inner conviction invokes them to compromise some fundamental aspects of editing, Murch has been benign to lay down the criteria for dealing with such dilemmas. He has given a sequential list of criteria in a decreasing order of importance and the sequence in which they could be compromised to come out with an emotionally and rhythmically correct cut. Coming out with a seamless edit is no doubt an art. However, the primary function of editing is to respect the importance of emotion, story and rhythm, which are the essence of a scene. Continuity is really important, but, it stands subservient to the actual emotional flavor of a  scene.     Ã‚  Ã‚